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Group of Fifteen

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1 Group of Fifteen

орг.

тж. Group of 15 сокр. G15, G-15

межд. эк. Группа пятнадцати (группа, сформированная в 1990 г. с целью укрепления сотрудничества между странами в области торговли, инвестиций, технологического развития; изначально в состав группы входили 15 стран: Алжир, Аргентина, Бразилия, Египет, Индия, Индонезия, Ямайка, Малайзия, Мексика, Нигерия, Перу, Сенегал, Венесуэла, Югославия, Зимбабве; впоследствии состав группы менялся, но название сохранилось; по состоянию на начало 2007 г. в состав группы входи 18 стран: страны-основательницы, за исключением Югославии, а также Китай, Иран, Кения, Шри-Ланка)

See:

Group of Seventy Seven, Group of Twenty-Four

Англо-русский экономический словарь > Group of Fifteen
2 G - 15 - GROUP OF FIFTEEN

“Группа пятнадцати”: иногурация состоялась в 1991г. в Каракасе. Данная группа стремится к международной связке “Юг-Юг” в экономических и политических представительствах “Север-Юг”. Членами организации являются Алжир, Аргентина, Бразилия, Венесуэла, Зимбабве, Египет, Индия, Индонезия, Малайзия, Мексика, Нигерия, Перу, Сенегал, бывшая Югославия и Ямайка

Англо-русский словарь акронимов и аббревиатур, используемых в банковской и финансовой деятельности > G - 15 - GROUP OF FIFTEEN
3 Group of 15

орг.

межд. эк. = Group of Fifteen

Англо-русский экономический словарь > Group of 15
4 Group

subs.

P. and V. σύστασις, ἡ; see also Crowd.

( He said) they stood in a circle in groups of fifteen: (ἔφη) ἑστάναι κύκλῳ ἀνὰ πέντε καὶ δέκα ἄνδρας (Andoc. 6).

——————

v. trans.

P. and V. συνάγειν, συντάσσειν; see Arrange.

Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary. A vocabulary of the Attic language > Group
5 FIFTEEN IN A GROUP

[NUM]

QUINIDENI (-AE -A)

English-Latin dictionary > FIFTEEN IN A GROUP
6 G-15

орг.

межд. эк. сокр. от Group of Fifteen

Англо-русский экономический словарь > G-15
7 G15

орг.

межд. эк. сокр. от Group of Fifteen

Англо-русский экономический словарь > G15
8 old

əuld
adjective

1) (advanced in age: an old man; He is too old to live alone.) viejo, mayor

2) (having a certain age: He is thirty years old.) de edad

3) (having existed for a long time: an old building; Those trees are very old.) viejo, antiguo

4) (no longer useful: She threw away the old shoes.) viejo

5) (belonging to times long ago: old civilizations like that of Greece.) antiguo

•

- old age
- old boy/girl
- old-fashioned
- old hand
- old maid
- the old

old adj

1. viejo

throw away those old trousers tira ese pantalón viejo

we're old friends somos viejos amigos

2. mayor

the Pope is very old el Papa es muy mayor

3. antiguo

an old building un edificio antiguo

how old...? ¿cuántos años...?

how old are you? ¿cuántos años tienes?

to be... years old tener... años

I'm thirteen years old tengo trece años

old

tr[əʊld]

adjective

1 (person) viejo,-a, mayor

■ an old man un anciano, un hombre mayor, un viejo

■ I'm getting old me estoy haciendo viejo

■ she's a year older than you te lleva un año, es un año mayor que tú, tiene un año más que tú

2 (thing) viejo,-a, antiguo,-a; (wine) añejo,-a; (clothes) usado,-a

■ the old part of the city el casco antiguo de la ciudad

■ the good old days los viejos tiempos

3 (long-established, familiar) viejo,-a

■ he's an old friend es un viejo amigo

4 (former) antiguo,-a

■ in my old job en mi antiguo trabajo

5 (experienced, veteran) viejo,-a, veterano,-a

noun the old

1 las personas nombre femenino plural mayores, los ancianos nombre masculino plural

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

any old how de cualquier manera

any old thing cualquier cosa

as old as the hills más viejo,-a que Matusalén

how old are you? ¿cuántos años tienes?, ¿qué edad tienes?

of old de antaño

to be... years old tener... años

to be old hat no ser ninguna novedad

old age vejez nombre femenino

old age pensioner pensionista nombre masulino o femenino (de la tercera edad)

old boy (ex-pupil) ex alumno, antiguo alumno 2 (old man) abuelo, viejecito 3 (form of address) viejo

old folk ancianos nombre masculino plural

old girl (ex-pupil) ex alumna, antigua alumna 2 (old woman) abuela, viejecita

old hand veterano,-a

old lady (woman) vieja, señora mayor 2 (mother) vieja 3 (wife) parienta

old maid solterona

old man (father) viejo 2 (husband) marido

old people's home residencia de ancianos

Old Testament Antiguo Testamento

old wives' tale cuento de viejas

the Old World el viejo mundo

old ['o:ld] adj

1) ancient: antiguo

old civilizations: civilizaciones antiguas

2) familiar: viejo

old friends: viejos amigos

the same old story: el mismo cuento

3) (indicating a certain age)

he's ten years old: tiene diez años (de edad)

4) aged: viejo, anciano

an old woman: una anciana

5) former: antiguo

her old neighborhood: su antiguo barrio

6) worn-out: viejo, gastado

old n

1)

the old : los viejos, los ancianos

2)

in the days of old : antaño, en los tiempos antiguos

old

adj.

• anciano, -a adj.

• antiguo, -a adj.

• añejo, -a adj.

• añoso, -a adj.

• rancio, -a adj.

• viejo, -a adj.

I əʊld
adjective

1) ( of certain age)

he's 10 years old — tiene 10 años

how old are you? — ¿cuántos años tienes?, ¿qué edad tienes?

she's two years older than me — me lleva dos años, es dos años mayor que yo

a month-old puppy — un cachorro de un mes

a group of six-year-/fifteen-year-olds — un grupo de niños de seis años/de quinceañeros

she's not old enough to go to school — no tiene edad de ir a la escuela

you're old enough to know better! — a tu edad...!

2) ( not young) mayor; ( less polite) viejo

old people feel the cold more — los ancianos or las personas mayores or de edad sienten más el frío

to get o grow old/older — envejecer*

doesn't she look old! — qué vieja or avejentada está!

3)

a) ( not new) <clothes/car/remedy> viejo; <city/civilization> antiguo; < customadition> viejo, antiguo

it's a very old family — es una familia de abolengo

b) (longstanding, familiar) (before n) <friend/enemy/rivalry> viejo; <injury/problem> antiguo

it's the same old story — es la misma historia de siempre

4) (former, previous) (before n) antiguo

5) Old ( Ling) (before n) antiguo

6) (colloq) (before n)

a) (as intensifier)

just wear any old thing — ponte cualquier cosa

this book is a load of old rubbish — este libro es una porquería (fam)

b) ( in familiar references)

good old John! — el bueno de John! (Esp)

lucky old you! — qué suerte tienes!

II

noun

1) ( old people) (+ pl vb)

the old — los ancianos, las personas mayores or de edad; ( less polite) los viejos

2) ( former times) (liter)

in days of old — antaño (liter), antiguamente

[ǝʊld]
1. ADJ
(compar older) (superl oldest)
1) (=not young) [person] viejo; (more respectful) mayor, anciano; [animal] viejo; [civilization] antiguo

an old man — un viejo, un anciano

an old woman — una vieja, una anciana

he's a bit of an old woman — es un poco Doña Remilgos

an old lady — una señora mayor or anciana

a little old lady — una viejecita, una ancianita

old people, old folks * — los viejos; (more respectful) los ancianos, las personas mayores

to live to be old — llegar a una edad avanzada

if I live to be that old — si llego a esa edad

• to be old before one's time — hacerse mayor antes de tiempo

• to be old beyond one's years — ser maduro para la edad que se tiene

• he's old for his age or for his years — [child] es muy maduro para su edad

that dress is too old for you — ese vestido es para alguien mayor que tú, ese vestido no es apropiado para tu edad

• to get or grow old — envejecer

he's afraid of getting or growing old — tiene miedo a envejecer

he's getting old — se está haciendo viejo

to get older — envejecer

as we get older... — según envejecemos...

• to look old — parecer viejo, estar avejentado

she's not as old as she looks — no es tan vieja como parece

- as old as Methuselah

- he/she has an old head on young shoulders
dirty 1., 4), fogey, fool, teach 1., 2)
2) (relating to ages)

how old are you? — ¿cuántos años tienes?, ¿qué edad tienes?

Laura is six weeks/months/years old — Laura tiene seis semanas/meses/años

she's three years old today — hoy cumple tres años

he'll be six weeks old tomorrow — cumplirá seis semanas mañana

a six-week-old baby — un niño de seis semanas

a five-year-old (child) — un niño de cinco años

the building is 300 years old — el edificio tiene 300 años

the company is a century old — la compañía existe desde hace un siglo

at ten months old she was already walking — cuando tenía diez meses ya andaba

she is two years older than you — tiene dos años más que tú

you'll understand when you are older — cuando seas mayor lo entenderás

when you are older it's harder to change jobs — cuando eres mayor es más difícil cambiar de trabajo

their oldest child — su hijo mayor

she is the oldest — es la mayor

she is the oldest teacher in the school — es la profesora de más edad del colegio

• to be old enough for sth/to do sth — tener edad para algo/para hacer algo

she's old enough to go alone — ya tiene edad para ir sola

he's old enough to know better — (to have more sense) a su edad debería tener más sentido común, ya es mayorcito para saber lo que está bien y lo que está mal; (to behave better) a su edad debería portarse mejor

she's old enough to be your mother — con la edad que tiene, podría ser tu madre

• you're as old as you feel — eres tan viejo como te sientes
generation
3) (=not new)

a) (=antique) [painting, book, building] antiguo; [wine] añejo

the old part of Glasgow — la parte vieja or antigua de Glasgow

- be as old as the hills
chip 1., 1)
b) [clothes, furniture] (=tatty) viejo; (=worn) usado, gastado

it's too old to be any use — es demasiado viejo para servir de algo

4) (=long-standing) viejo

he's an old friend of mine — es un viejo amigo mío

that's an old problem — eso no es nada nuevo, eso ya viene de atrás

it's a very old tradition/custom — es una vieja tradición/costumbre, es una tradición/costumbre antigua

the old ways survived in some country areas — las viejas costumbres perduraron en algunas partes del campo

an old family — una familia de abolengo
score 1., 4)
5) (=former) antiguo

my old flat was very small — mi antiguo piso era muy pequeño

• the old country — la madre patria, la patria

• in the old days — antaño, en los viejos tiempos

the good old days — los viejos tiempos

• it's not as good as our old one — no es tan bueno como el anterior

• my old school — mi antiguo or viejo colegio

of the old school — (fig) de la vieja escuela

• for old times' sake — por los viejos tiempos

6) * (expressing affection)

here's old Peter coming — ahí viene el bueno de Peter

good old Mike! — ¡este Mike!

come on, old man! † — ¡venga hombre!

• she's a funny old thing — es rarita

• my or the old lady or woman — (=mother) mi or la vieja **; (=wife) la parienta *

• my or the old man — (=father) mi or el viejo **; (=husband) mi marido

7) * (as intensifier)

what a load of old rubbish! — ¡qué cantidad de chorradas! *

• any old, any old thing will do — cualquier cosa sirve

it's not just any old painting, it's a Rembrandt — no es un cuadro cualquiera, es un Rembrandt

just put it any old where — ponlo en cualquier parte

he leaves his things any old how — deja sus cosas de cualquier manera

I parked the car any old how — aparqué el coche de cualquier manera

• we had a high old time — hacía tiempo que no nos divertíamos tanto

• it's the same old story — es la misma historia de siempre

2. N

1)

the old — los viejos mpl, los ancianos mpl

their music appeals to old and young alike — su música gusta tanto a jóvenes como a viejos

the circus appeals to old and young alike — el circo gusta igualmente a grandes y pequeños

2) liter

• of old: to know sb of old — conocer a algn desde hace tiempo

knights/legends of old — los caballeros/las leyendas de antaño liter

in days of old — antaño liter, en los tiempos antiguos

3.

CPD

old age N — vejez f

in one's old age — en la vejez

perhaps I'm going soft in my old age — quizá me estoy ablandando al hacerme viejo or en la vejez

he is unable to travel much because of old age — no puede viajar mucho debido a su edad
ripe
old age pension N — subsidio m de la tercera edad, pensión f

old age pensioner N — pensionista mf, jubilado(-a) m / f

the Old Bailey N — (Brit) el tribunal de lo penal de más alto rango de Inglaterra

the Old Bill ** N — (Brit) la poli *, la pasma (Sp) **

old boy N — (=former pupil) ex-alumno m, antiguo alumno m; † * (=old chap) amigo m mío

the old-boy network — esp pej el amiguismo

the old brigade N — los veteranos

old campaigner N — veterano m

old chestnut * N — (=joke) broma f muy pasada; (=story) historia f muy pasada

Old Dominion N — (US) el estado de Virginia

Old English N — inglés m antiguo

See:

see cultural note ANGLO-SAXON in Anglo-Saxon

Old English sheepdog N — perro m pastor ovejero inglés

old flame N — antiguo amor m

old folks' home N — residencia f de ancianos

old girl N — (=former pupil) ex-alumna f, antigua alumna f; (=elderly woman) * † señora f, abuelita * f

Old Glory N — (US) bandera de los Estados Unidos

old gold N — oro m viejo

the old guard N — la vieja guardia

old hand N — veterano(-a) m / f

he's an old hand at photography — es un veterano de la fotografía

old lag * N — (=old prisoner) (preso(-a) m / f) veterano(-a) m / f; (=ex-prisoner) ex-presidiario(-a) m / f

old maid N — pej solterona f

she'll end up an old maid — se quedará para vestir santos

Old Man River N — (US) el río Mississippi

old master N — (=work) obra f maestra de la pintura clásica; (=painter) gran maestro m de la pintura clásica

old money N — dinero m de familia

Old Nick * N — hum Pedro Botero * hum

old people's home N — residencia f de ancianos

old salt N — (Naut) viejo lobo m de mar

old school tie N — (Brit) (lit) corbata con los colores representativos de la escuela a la que alguien ha asistido

the old school tie — (fig) el amiguismo

old soldier N — veterano m, excombatiente m

the Old South N — (US) el viejo sur

old stager N — veterano(-a) m / f

Old Testament N — Antiguo Testamento m

old wives' tale N — cuento m de viejas, patraña f

the Old World N — el Viejo Mundo, el Viejo Continente
old-world OLD
Position of "viejo" and "antiguo"
Viejo and antiguo can go either before or after the noun, depending on their meaning.
Viejo ► Put viejo {after} the noun when you are referring to age:
... boxes full of old clothes...... cajas llenas de ropa vieja...
Old cars are the ones that pollute the environment most Son los coches viejos los que más contaminan el medio ambiente ► Put viejo {before} the noun when you mean old in the sense of "long-standing" or "well-established":
They got in touch with an old friend Se pusieron en contacto con un viejo amigo
Many of the old customs have changed with the passing of time Muchas de las viejas costumbres han cambiado con el paso del tiempo
Antiguo ► Generally put antiguo {after} the noun to translate ancient or old in the sense of "ancient":
... one of Canada's most beautiful old houses...... una de las más bellas casas antiguas de Canadá...
... the old part of the town...... el barrio antiguo de la ciudad... ► Put antiguo {before} the noun to translate former or old in the sense of "former":
My old colleagues are no longer my friends Mis antiguos compañeros ya no son mis amigos
... the former British colonies...... las antiguas colonias británicas... For further uses and examples, see main entry
* * *

I [əʊld]
adjective

1) ( of certain age)

he's 10 years old — tiene 10 años

how old are you? — ¿cuántos años tienes?, ¿qué edad tienes?

she's two years older than me — me lleva dos años, es dos años mayor que yo

a month-old puppy — un cachorro de un mes

a group of six-year-/fifteen-year-olds — un grupo de niños de seis años/de quinceañeros

she's not old enough to go to school — no tiene edad de ir a la escuela

you're old enough to know better! — a tu edad...!

2) ( not young) mayor; ( less polite) viejo

old people feel the cold more — los ancianos or las personas mayores or de edad sienten más el frío

to get o grow old/older — envejecer*

doesn't she look old! — qué vieja or avejentada está!

3)

a) ( not new) <clothes/car/remedy> viejo; <city/civilization> antiguo; <custom/tradition> viejo, antiguo

it's a very old family — es una familia de abolengo

b) (longstanding, familiar) (before n) <friend/enemy/rivalry> viejo; <injury/problem> antiguo

it's the same old story — es la misma historia de siempre

4) (former, previous) (before n) antiguo

5) Old ( Ling) (before n) antiguo

6) (colloq) (before n)

a) (as intensifier)

just wear any old thing — ponte cualquier cosa

this book is a load of old rubbish — este libro es una porquería (fam)

b) ( in familiar references)

good old John! — el bueno de John! (Esp)

lucky old you! — qué suerte tienes!

II

noun

1) ( old people) (+ pl vb)

the old — los ancianos, las personas mayores or de edad; ( less polite) los viejos

2) ( former times) (liter)

in days of old — antaño (liter), antiguamente

English-spanish dictionary > old
9 line

сущ.

1)

а) общ. линия

vertical line — вертикальная линия

See:

price line 1) red-line method

б) т. граф. = edge 3),

2) общ. граница, пограничная линия, предел

the line of delimitation between the Australian fishing zone and the French Economic Zone — линия делимитации между австралийской рыболовной зоной и французской экономической зоной

See:

deadline, dead-line

3) общ. ряд, линия

to stand in ( a) line — выстроиться или стоять в ряд

See:

picket line, line of command, first-line management, second-line management, line and staff management, line and staff organization, line authority, line management, line manager, line organization, line personnel, line structure

4) торг. ассортимент; линия товаров, серия изделий

line of goods — ассортимент товаров

complete [full\] line — полный ассортимент (товаров)

the line of hats was more diverse — ассортимент шляп был более разнообразен

See:

consumer lines, line extension, product line, product line extension, product line group, line of goods, price line 2)

5) общ., амер. очередь, хвост (в магазине и т. п.)

to get into line — вставать в очередь

to be in line for smth. — быть в очереди на что-л., иметь шанс на что-л.

He is in line for a pay rise. — Ему скоро повысят зарплату.

Syn:

tail, queue

6) тех. конвейер, поточная линия; сборочная линия; производственная линия

See:

assembly line, conveyer, moving assembly line, production line, balanced line 2), line balancing

7) общ. линия связи; линия сообщения

telephone line — телефонная линия

railway line — железнодорожная линия

8) общ. происхождение, родословная, генеалогия

a descendant in the male/female line — потомок по мужской/женской линии

9) общ. строка

fifteen lines of advertising — пятнадцать строк рекламы

Fifteen lines of advertising are available in each issue. — В каждом выпуске может быть размещено пятнадцать строк рекламы.

For your ad copy, you are allowed a title line and two lines of advertising text under the title. — В вашем рекламном тексте вам разрешено использовать одну строку заголовка и две строки рекламного текста под заголовком.

See:

agate line, line rate, advertising linage

10) общ. род занятий, род деятельности (напр., сфера бизнеса, в которой занята компания; в страховании обычно обозначает определенный вид страхования); специальность; область интересов

not in my line, out of my line — не по моей части

line of business — область [специализация\] в бизнесе

See:

multiple line policy, monoline policy, surplus line

11) общ. линия поведения, образ действий; курс (напр., в политике)

to take a strong [firm\] line over smth. — держаться твердой линии в каком-л. вопросе; действовать энергично

to take a more liberal line on immigration — придерживаться более либеральной линии в вопросах иммиграции

aggressive line — агрессивное поведение

12)

а) страх. линия (в перестраховании на базе эксцедента суммы: минимальная величина собственного удержания перестрахователя в каждом риске, подлежащем перестрахованию)

See:

surplus share reinsurance, reinsurance, retention

б) страх. линия*, доля* (при совместном страховании или перестраховании одного риска несколькими страховщиками/перестраховщиками: доля риска, которую принял или выразил желание принять на страхование/перестрахование отдельный страховщик/перестраховщик; обычно выражается в процентах от страховой суммы)

See:

written line, signed line, sum insured

* * *
линия: 1) кредитная линия; = bank line; 2) линия ассортимента: продукты одного типа, различающиеся в основном по цвету, размеру моделям (напр., обувь); 3) очередь; = queue; 4) категория (разновидность) страхования.
* * *

линия
. . Словарь экономических терминов .
* * *

Международное страхование

линия

действующий собственный счет

-----

Реклама

расчетная строка

единица измерения места для размещения рекламных объявлений в газетах

см. agate line

Англо-русский экономический словарь > line
10 Numbers

Cardinal numbers in French

0 zéro*

1 un†

2 deux

3 trois

4 quatre

5 cinq

6 six

7 sept

8 huit

9 neuf

10 dix

11 onze

12 douze

13 treize

14 quatorze

15 quinze

16 seize

17 dix-sept

18 dix-huit

19 dix-neuf

20 vingt

21 vingt et un

22 vingt-deux

30 trente

31 trente et un

32 trente-deux

40 quarante

50 cinquante

60 soixante

70 soixante-dix

septante (in Belgium, Canada, Switzerland etc.)

71 soixante et onze

septante et un ( etc)

72 soixante-douze

73 soixante-treize

74 soixante-quatorze

75 soixante-quinze

76 soixante-seize

77 soixante-dix-sept

78 soixante-dix-nuit

79 soixante-dix-neuf

80 quatre-vingts‡

81 quatre-vingt-un§

82 quatre-vingt-deux

90 quatre-vingt-dix ; nonante (in Belgium, Canada, Switzerland, etc)

91 quatre-vingt-onze ; nonante et un

92 quatre-vingt-douze ; nonante-deux ( etc.)

99 quatre-vingt-dix-neuf

100 cent

101 cent un†

102 cent deux

110 cent dix

111 cent onze

112 cent douze

187 cent quatre-vingt-sept

200 deux cents

250 deux cent|| cinquante

300 trois cents

1000 || mille

1001 mille un†

1002 mille deux

1020 mille vingt

1200 mille** deux cents

2000 deux mille††

10000 dix mille

10200 dix mille deux cents

100000 cent mille

102000 cent deux mille

1000000 un million‡‡

1264932 un million deux cent soixante-quatre mille neuf cent trente-deux

1000000000 un milliard‡‡

1000000000000 un billion‡‡

* In English 0 may be called nought, zero or even nothing ; French is always zéro ; a nought = un zéro.

† Note that one is une in French when it agrees with a feminine noun, so un crayon but une table, une des tables, vingt et une tables, combien de tables? - il y en a une seule etc.

‡ Also huitante in Switzerland. Note that when 80 is used as a page number it has no s, e.g. page eighty = page quatre-vingt.

§ Note that vingt has no s when it is in the middle of a number. The only exception to this rule is when quatre-vingts is followed by millions, milliards or billions, e.g. quatre-vingts millions, quatre-vingts billions etc.

Note that cent does not take an s when it is in the middle of a number. The only exception to this rule is when it is followed by millions, milliards or billions, e.g. trois cents millions, six cents billions etc. It has a normal plural when it modifies other nouns, e.g. 200 inhabitants = deux cents habitants.

|| Note that figures in French are set out differently ; where English would have a comma, French has simply a space. It is also possible in French to use a full stop (period) here, e.g. 1.000. French, like English, writes dates without any separation between thousands and hundreds, e.g. in 1995 = en 1995.

** When such a figure refers to a date, the spelling mil is preferred to mille, i.e. en 1200 = en mil deux cents. Note however the exceptions: when the year is a round number of thousands, the spelling is always mille, so en l’an mille, en l’an deux mille etc.

†† Mille is invariable ; it never takes an s.

‡‡ Note that the French words million, milliard and billion are nouns, and when written out in full they take de before another noun, e.g. a million inhabitants is un million d’habitants, a billion francs is un billion de francs. However, when written in figures, 1,000,000 inhabitants is 1000000 habitants, but is still spoken as un million d’habitants. When million etc. is part of a complex number, de is not used before the nouns, e.g. 6,000,210 people = six millions deux cent dix personnes.

Use of en

Note the use of en in the following examples:

there are six

= il y en a six

I’ve got a hundred

= j’en ai cent

En must be used when the thing you are talking about is not expressed (the French says literally there of them are six, I of them have a hundred etc.). However, en is not needed when the object is specified:

there are six apples

= il y a six pommes

Approximate numbers

When you want to say about…, remember the French ending -aine:

about ten

= une dizaine

about ten books

= une dizaine de livres

about fifteen

= une quinzaine

about fifteen people

= une quinzaine de personnes

about twenty

= une vingtaine

about twenty hours

= une vingtaine d’heures

Similarly une trentaine, une quarantaine, une cinquantaine, une soixantaine and une centaine ( and une douzaine means a dozen). For other numbers, use environ (about):

about thirty-five

= environ trente-cinq

about thirty-five francs

= environ trente-cinq francs

about four thousand

= environ quatre mille

about four thousand pages

= environ quatre mille pages

Environ can be used with any number: environ dix, environ quinze etc. are as good as une dizaine, une quinzaine etc.

Note the use of centaines and milliers to express approximate quantities:

hundreds of books

= des centaines de livres

I’ve got hundreds

= j’en ai des centaines

hundreds and hundreds of fish

= des centaines et des centaines de poissons

I’ve got thousands

= j’en ai des milliers

thousands of books

= des milliers de livres

thousands and thousands

= des milliers et des milliers

millions and millions

= des millions et des millions

Phrases

numbers up to ten

= les nombres jusqu’à dix

to count up to ten

= compter jusqu’à dix

almost ten

= presque dix

less than ten

= moins de dix

more than ten

= plus de dix

all ten of them

= tous les dix

all ten boys

= les dix garçons

Note the French word order:

my last ten pounds

= mes dix dernières livres

the next twelve weeks

= les douze prochaines semaines

the other two

= les deux autres

the last four

= les quatre derniers

Calculations in French

Decimals in French

Note that French uses a comma where English has a decimal point.

say

0,25 zéro virgule vingt-cinq

0,05 zéro virgule zéro cinq

0,75 zéro virgule soixante-quinze

3,45 trois virgule quarante-cinq

8,195 huit virgule cent quatre-vingt-quinze

9,1567 neuf virgule quinze cent soixante-sept

or neuf virgule mille cinq cent soixante-sept

9,3456 neuf virgule trois mille quatre cent cinquante-six

Percentages in French

say

25% vingt-cinq pour cent

50% cinquante pour cent

100% cent pour cent

200% deux cents pour cent

365% troix cent soixante-cinq pour cent

4,25% quatre virgule vingt-cinq pour cent

Fractions in French

Ordinal numbers in French§

1st 1er‡ premier ( feminine première)

2nd 2e second or deuxième

3rd 3e troisième

4th 4e quatrième

5th 5e cinquième

6th 6e sixième

7th 7e septième

8th 8e huitième

9th 9e neuvième

10th 10e dixième

11th 11e onzième

12th 12e douzième

13th 13e treizième

14th 14e quatorzième

15th 15e quinzième

16th 16e seizième

17th 17e dix-septième

18th 18e dix-huitième

19th 19e dix-neuvième

20th 20e vingtième

21st 21e vingt et unième

22nd 22e vingt-deuxième

23rd 23e vingt-troisième

24th 24e vingt-quatrième

25th 25e vingt-cinquième

30th 30e trentième

31st 31e trente et unième

40th 40e quarantième

50th 50e cinquantième

60th 60e soixantième

70th 70e soixante-dixième or septantième (in Belgium, Canada, Switzerland etc.)

71st 71e soixante et onzième or septante et unième (etc.)

72nd 72e soixante-douzième

73rd 73e soixante-treizième

74th 74e soixante-quatorzième

75th 75e soixante-quinzième

76th 76e soixante-seizième

77th 77e soixante-dix-septième

78th 78e soixante-dix-huitième

79th 79e soixante-dix-neuvième

80th 80e quatre-vingtième¶

81st 81e quatre-vingt-unième

90th 90e quatre-vingt-dixième or nonantième (in Belgium, Canada, Switzerland etc.)

91st 91e quatre-vingt-onzième, or nonante et unième (etc.)

99th 99e quatre-vingt-dix-neuvième

100th 100e centième

101st 101e cent et unième

102nd 102e cent-deuxième

196th 196e cent quatre-vingt-seizième

200th 200e deux centième

300th 300e trois centième

400th 400e quatre centième

1,000th 1000e millième

2,000th 2000e deux millième

1,000,000th 1000000e millionième

Like English, French makes nouns by adding the definite article:

the first

= le premier (or la première, or les premiers mpl or les premières fpl)

the second

= le second (or la seconde etc.)

the first three

= les trois premiers or les trois premières

Note the French word order in:

the third richest country in the world

= le troisième pays le plus riche du monde

* Note that half, when not a fraction, is translated by the noun moitié or the adjective demi ; see the dictionary entry.

† Note the use of les and d’entre when these fractions are used about a group of people or things: two-thirds of them = les deux tiers d’entre eux.

‡ This is the masculine form ; the feminine is 1re and the plural 1ers (m) or 1res (f).

§ All the ordinal numbers in French behave like ordinary adjectives and take normal plural endings where appropriate.

¶ Also huitantième in Switzerland.

Big English-French dictionary > Numbers
11 age

age [eɪdʒ]

âge ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (c), 1 (d) vieillesse ⇒ 1 (c) époque ⇒ 1 (d) éternité ⇒ 1 (e) vieillir ⇒ 2, 3

1 noun

(a) (of person, animal, tree, building) âge m;

∎ what age is he? quel âge a-t-il?;

∎ he is twenty-five years of age il est âgé de vingt-cinq ans;

∎ at the age of twenty-five à l'âge de vingt-cinq ans;

∎ when I was your age quand j'avais votre âge;

∎ she's the same age as me or as I am elle a le même âge que moi;

∎ his wife is only half his age sa femme n'a que la moitié de son âge;

∎ she's twice my age elle a le double de mon âge;

∎ I have a son your age j'ai un fils de votre âge;

∎ she's the same age as me or as I am elle a le même âge que moi;

∎ they're the same age ils sont du même âge, ils ont le même âge;

∎ people of all ages des gens de tout âge;

∎ people over the age of fifty les gens de plus de cinquante ans;

∎ he lived to a ripe old age il a vécu jusqu'à un bel âge ou très vieux;

∎ she doesn't look her age elle ne fait pas son âge;

∎ I'm beginning to feel my age je commence à me sentir vieux;

∎ act or be your age! (be reasonable) sois raisonnable!; (don't be silly) ne sois pas stupide!;

∎ he is at or of an age when he should consider settling down il est à un âge où il devrait penser à se ranger;

∎ the two of them were of an age ils étaient tous les deux à peu près du même âge;

∎ at your age you should know à ton âge, tu devrais savoir;

∎ at that age children need a lot of attention c'est un âge où les enfants demandent beaucoup d'attention;

∎ fifteen is the worst age quinze ans est l'âge le plus difficile

(b) (adulthood) Law

∎ to be of age être majeur;

∎ to come of age atteindre sa majorité, devenir majeur;

∎ figurative this way of thinking has at last come of age c'est un point de vue qui a fait son chemin;

∎ Law to be under age être mineur; (not old enough to buy alcohol etc) ne pas avoir l'âge

(c) (old age → of person) âge m, vieillesse f; (→ of wood, paper, wine) âge m;

∎ bent with age courbé par l'âge;

∎ yellow or yellowed with age jauni par l'âge;

∎ wisdom comes with age la sagesse vient avec l'âge;

∎ age has not been kind to her elle est marquée par l'âge;

∎ the house is falling to pieces with age la maison tombe de vieillesse ou de vétusté;

∎ the car's beginning to show its age la voiture commence à donner des signes de vieillesse;

∎ you're showing your age! (remembering things like that) tu es d'un autre âge!; (you've lost touch) tu te fais vieux!;

∎ humorous age before beauty! (when letting someone enter first) c'est le privilège de l'âge

(d) (period → historical) époque f, âge m; Geology âge m;

∎ the age we live in notre siècle, le siècle où nous vivons;

∎ in our age à notre époque;

∎ in an earlier age this wouldn't have been tolerated il fut un temps où on n'aurait pas toléré cela;

∎ she is the product of an earlier age elle est d'un autre temps;

∎ in this age of consumerism en cette ère de consumérisme;

∎ through the ages à travers les âges

(e) (usu pl) (long time) éternité f;

∎ she was an age getting dressed, it took her an age to get dressed elle a mis un temps fou à s'habiller;

∎ I haven't seen you for or in ages! cela fait une éternité que je ne vous ai (pas) vu!;

∎ I've been waiting (for) ages cela fait une éternité que j'attends;

∎ it took him ages to do the work il a mis très longtemps à faire le travail;

∎ it's expensive, but it lasts for ages c'est cher, mais ça dure très longtemps

2 intransitive verb

vieillir, prendre de l'âge;

∎ he's beginning to age il commence à se faire vieux;

∎ to age ten years vieillir de dix ans;

∎ he had aged beyond recognition il avait tellement vieilli qu'on ne le reconnaissait plus;

∎ to age well (person) vieillir bien; (wine, cheese) s'améliorer en vieillissant;

∎ he has aged a lot il a beaucoup vieilli

3 transitive verb

(a) (person) vieillir;

∎ the years had aged him il avait beaucoup vieilli;

∎ illness has aged her la maladie l'a vieillie

(b) (wine, cheese) laisser vieillir ou mûrir;

∎ aged in the wood vieilli en fût

►► age bracket tranche f d'âge;

Age Concern = association caritative britannique d'aide aux personnes âgées;

Law the age of consent = l'âge où les rapports sexuels sont autorisés;

∎ they are below the age of consent ils tombent sous le coup de la loi sur la protection des mineurs;

the age of discretion = âge auquel une personne est jugée apte à prendre ses responsabilités;

age group tranche f d'âge;

∎ the twenty to thirty age group la tranche d'âge des vingt à trente ans;

∎ the younger age group les jeunes mpl;

age limit limite f d'âge;

the age of reason l'âge m de raison;

History Age of Reason siècle m des lumières;

age ring (on tree) cerne m

✾ Book ✾ Film 'The Age of Innocence' Wharton, Scorsese 'L'Âge de l'innocence' (roman), 'Le Temps de l'innocence' (film)

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > age
12 plus

[plʌs] 1.
nome

1) mat. più m.

2) (advantage) vantaggio m.
2.
aggettivo

1) mat. [ sign] più; [ number] positivo

2) el. positivo

3) (advantageous)

plus factor, plus point — fattore positivo, atout

the plus side — il lato positivo

4) (in expressions of age, quantity)

50 plus — più di 50

the 65-plus age group — le persone dai 65 anni in su
3.
preposizione mat. più

15 plus 12 — 15 più 12
4.
congiunzione e, più

bedroom plus bathroom — camera da letto e bagno

* * *
1. preposition
(used to show addition: Two plus three equals five (2 + 3 = 5).) più
2. noun
((also plus sign) a sign (+) used to show addition or positive quality.) più
3. adjective
(positive or more than zero: a plus quantity; The temperature was plus fifteen degrees.) più

* * *
[plʌs] 1.
nome

1) mat. più m.

2) (advantage) vantaggio m.
2.
aggettivo

1) mat. [ sign] più; [ number] positivo

2) el. positivo

3) (advantageous)

plus factor, plus point — fattore positivo, atout

the plus side — il lato positivo

4) (in expressions of age, quantity)

50 plus — più di 50

the 65-plus age group — le persone dai 65 anni in su
3.
preposizione mat. più

15 plus 12 — 15 più 12
4.
congiunzione e, più

bedroom plus bathroom — camera da letto e bagno

English-Italian dictionary > plus
13 youth

noun

1) no pl., no art. Jugend, die

2) pl. youths (young man) Jugendliche, der

3) constr. as pl. (young people) Jugend, die

* * *
[ju:Ɵ]
plural - youths; noun

1) ((the state of being in) the early part of life: Enjoy your youth!; He spent his youth in America.) die Jugend

2) (a boy of fifteen to twenty years old approximately: He and two other youths were kicking a football about.) der Jüngling

3) (young people in general: Some people say that today's youth has/have no sense of responsibility.) die Jugend

•

- academic.ru/83552/youthful">youthful
- youthfully
- youthfulness
- youth hostel
- youth mentor
* * *

youth

[ju:θ]

I. n

1. no pl (period when young) Jugend f

sb's misspent \youth jds vergeudete Jugend

in my \youth in meiner Jugend

2. no pl (being young) Jugend[lichkeit] f

to have got \youth on one's side den Vorteil der Jugend besitzen

the secret of eternal \youth das Geheimnis ewiger Jugend

3. (young man) junger Mann, Jugendliche(r) m

a callow \youth ein grüner Junge fam, ein Grünschnabel m fam

4. (young people)

▪ the \youth pl die Jugend

the \youth of today die Jugend von heute

II. n modifier (club, crime, group, movement, orchestra, organization, team, unemployment) Jugend-

\youth culture Jugendszene f

\youth section (of political party) [organisierte] Parteijugend

* * *
[juːɵ]
n

1) no pl Jugend f

in (the days of) my youth —

the town of my youth — die Stadt or Stätte (hum) meiner Jugend

in early youth — in früher Jugend

she has kept her youth — sie ist jung geblieben

2) pl -s [juːðz]
(= young man) junger Mann, Jugendliche(r) m
when he was a youth — als er ein junger Mann war

pimply youth — pickliger Jüngling

3) pl (= young men and women) Jugend f

she likes working with (the) youth —

the youth of today the Hitler Youth Movement — die Jugend von heute die Hitlerjugend

* * *

youth [juːθ]

A s

1. Jugend f, Jungsein n

2. Jugend(frische, -kraft) f, Jugendlichkeit f

3. Jugend(zeit) f:

in my youth in meiner Jugend

4. Frühzeit f, -stadium n

5. koll (auch als pl konstruiert) Jugend f, junge Leute pl oder Menschen pl:

the youth of the country die Jugend des Landes

6. → youngster 1 b

B adj Jugend…:

youth group (movement, sect, etc);

youth hostel Jugendherberge f;

youth hostel(l)er jemand, der in Jugendherbergen übernachtet;

youth training scheme Ausbildungsprogramm n für (arbeitslose) Jugendliche

* * *

noun

1) no pl., no art. Jugend, die

2) pl. youths (young man) Jugendliche, der

3) constr. as pl. (young people) Jugend, die

* * *

n.

Jugend f.

Jugendzeit f.

Jungsein n.

Jüngling -e m.

English-german dictionary > youth
14 establishment

noun

1) (setting up, creation, foundation) Gründung, die; (of government, committee) Einsetzung, die; (of movement) Begründung, die; (of relations) Schaffung, die

2) (institution)

[business] establishment — Unternehmen, das

commercial/industrial establishment — Handels-/Industrieunternehmen, das

3) (Brit.)

the Establishment — das Establishment

* * *

noun

1) (the act of establishing.) die Gründung

2) (an institution or organization: All employees of this establishment get a bonus at New Year.) die Einrichtung

3) (a person's residence or household: a bachelor's establishment.) der Haushalt

* * *

es·tab·lish·ment

[ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt, esˈ-]

n

1. (business) Unternehmen nt, Firma f

business \establishment Geschäftsbetrieb m

family \establishment Familienunternehmen nt

2. + sing/pl vb ECON, FIN (staff) Personalbestand m

office with an \establishment of fifteen Büro nt mit fünfzehn Mitarbeitern

to be on the \establishment zum Personal gehören, fest angestellt sein

3. (organization) Organisation f, Einrichtung f, Institut nt, Anstalt f

educational \establishment Bildungseinrichtung f, Schule f

financial \establishment Finanzierungsgesellschaft f

religious \establishment Religionsgemeinschaft f

4. no pl (ruling group)

▪ the \establishment das Establishment

the political \establishment das politische Establishment, die politisch einflussreichen Kreise

to be/revolt against the \establishment gegen das Establishment sein/rebellieren

5. (act of setting up) Gründung f, Errichtung f

the \establishment of new areas of employment die Schaffung neuer Arbeitsbereiche

* * *
[I'stblɪʃmənt]
n

1) (= setting up of relations, links) Aufnahme f, Herstellung f; (of committee) Bildung f, Einsetzung f; (of post) Schaffung f, Einrichtung f; (of peace) Herstellung f; (of order) Herstellung f, Schaffung f; (of publisher's list) Bildung f; (of power, authority) Festigung f, (Wieder)herstellung f; (of reputation) Begründung f

2) (= proving) Beweis m

the lawyer devoted a lot of time to the establishment of a few basic facts — der Rechtsanwalt verwandte viel Zeit darauf, ein paar Tatsachen unter Beweis zu stellen

3) (= determining) Ermittlung f

establishment of the truth — Wahrheitsfindung f

4) (= institution etc) Institution f; (= hospital, school etc) Anstalt f, Institution f

the school is a very modest establishment — die Schule ist sehr bescheiden

commercial establishment — kommerzielles Unternehmen

5) (= household) Haus nt, Haushalt m

to keep up a large establishment — ein großes Haus führen

6) (MIL, NAUT ETC personnel) Truppenstärke f

war/peace establishment — Kriegs-/Friedensstärke f

7)

the Establishment — das Establishment

establishment person — (Erz)konservative(r) mf

establishment figure — Mitglied nt or Angehörige(r) mf des Establishments

* * *

establishment s

1. Einrichtung f, Errichtung f

2. a) Einsetzung f

b) Bildung f

c) Etablierung f, (Be)Gründung f

3. Durchsetzung f

4. Herstellung f, Aufnahme f

5. Aufstellung f

6. Versorgung f, Einkommen n

7. REL staatskirchliche Verfassung

8. organisierte Körperschaft oder Staatseinrichtung:

civil establishment Beamtenschaft f;

military establishment (das) Militär;

naval establishment (die) Flotte

9. the Establishment (auch als pl konstruiert) das Establishment:

a) die Oberschicht der politisch, wirtschaftlich oder gesellschaftlich einflussreichen Personen

b) die etablierte bürgerliche Gesellschaft, die auf Erhaltung des Status quo bedacht ist

10. SCHIFF, MIL Personal-, Mannschaftsbestand m, (Soll)Stärke f:

peace (war) establishment Friedens-(Kriegs)stärke

11. Anstalt f, (öffentliches) Institut

12. WIRTSCH

a) Firma f, Geschäft n, Unternehmen n

b) Niederlassung f

13. Haushalt m:

keep up a large establishment ein großes Haus führen

14. Nachweis m, Feststellung f:

establishment of paternity JUR Vaterschaftsnachweis

* * *

noun

1) (setting up, creation, foundation) Gründung, die; (of government, committee) Einsetzung, die; (of movement) Begründung, die; (of relations) Schaffung, die

2) (institution)

[business] establishment — Unternehmen, das

commercial/industrial establishment — Handels-/Industrieunternehmen, das

3) (Brit.)

the Establishment — das Establishment

* * *

n.

Aufnahme -n f.

Bildung -en f.

Einrichtung f.

Etablierung f.

Feststellung f.

English-german dictionary > establishment
15 count

1. I
abs

1) can you count?' ты умеешь считать?; I don't, know how many stamps I have, I did not count я не знаю, сколько у меня марок, [я] не считал

2) usually in the negative to count иметь значение, быть существенным; the details don't count детали не имеют значения; it does not count а) это не имеет значения; б) это не считается /не идет в счет, не берется в расчет/: every little bit (every penny, every extra vote, etc.) counts важна /имеет значение/ каждая мелочь и т. д.; I'm in a great hurry, every minute counts я очень спешу, мне дорога каждая минута; once does not count одни раз не считается; it is not how much you read but what you read that counts важно не сколько ты читаешь, а что [ты читаешь]
2. II
count in some manner usually in the negative1)

he cannot count correctly (properly, etc.) он не умеет правильно и т. д. считать; she can't even count она даже считать не умеет

2)

he is a person who simply doesn't count он человек, с которым просто никто не считается /с которым нечего считаться/; it may not count today, but it will tomorrow может быть, сегодня это и не так важно, но завтра положение изменится
3. III
count smth., smb.

1) count books (pages, the number of words in a dictionary, towels, mistakes made in an exercise, votes, the number of people, the wounded, the dead, etc.) считать /подсчитывать, пересчитывать/ книги и т. д.; don't forget to count your change не забудьте проверить сдачу; count the cost (one's losses) подсчитывать расходы (потери); count twenty сосчитайте до двадцати; he counted my pulse он сосчитал мой пульс

2) I didn't count the baby я не учел /не принял в расчет, не посчитал/ ребенка; let's not count that game пусть эта игра не считается; there are fifteen people here, counting the guests (the children, the members, etc.) здесь пятнадцать человек вместе с гостями и т. д. /считая и гостей и т. д/;: the bill is five dollars not counting the tax этот счет на пять долларов плюс налог
4. IV
count smth., smb. in some manner count months (days, hours, minutes, guests, etc.) impatiently (hurriedly, slowly, etc.) нетерпеливо /с нетерпением/ и т. д. отсчитывать месяцы и т. д., count the money (the change, etc.) twice дважды пересчитывать деньги и т. д.; count stamps (coins, children, etc.) one by one пересчитывать марки и т. д. по одной
5. V
count smb., smth. smb., smth. count him the greatest of writers (that friend of his my enemy, it a great honour to serve you, it no shame to any man, etc.) считать его величайшим писателем и т. д.; I count this his best painting я считаю это его лучшей картиной
6. VI
count smb. as being in same state count smb. rich (ill, fortunate, unfortunate, etc.) считать кого-л. богатым и т. д.; I count myself lucky to have become acquainted with you (fortunate to have you for a friend, fortunate in being alive, etc.) я считаю, что мне очень повезло, что я познакомился с вами и т. д.
7. XI
1) be counted in same manner they could be easily counted их легко было пересчитать /сосчитать/; be counted on smth. they could be counted on the fingers of one hand [всех] их можно было пересчитать по пальцам одной руки

2) be counted to smth. it must be counted to his credit это следует отнести к его достоинствам; be counted among smb., smth. she was counted among the greatest dancers of the century (among the best novelists of her time, among his best friends, etc.) она считалась одной из величайших балерин века ц т. д.

3) be counted upon his support can be counted upon на его поддержку можно рассчитывать /полагаться/
8. XVI
1) count from smth. count from Monday (from tomorrow, from today, etc.) вести счет с понедельника и т. д.; the third door, counting from the comer третья дверь от угла; count to smth. count to ten (to a hundred, etc.) считать до десяти и т. д.; count from smth. to smth. count from one to ten (from one to twenty, from one to a hundred, etc.) считать от одного до десяти и т. д.

2) count (up)on smb., smth. count upon him (upon others for help, on your advice, on your cooperation, on his protection, on smb.'s promise, on the support of the group, on an increase in my salary, on fine weather for a picnic, etc.) рассчитывать /надеяться/ на него и т. д.; you must not count upon me не рассчитывайте на меня

3) count for (above) smth. count for little or nothing (for very little, for a great deal, for much in business, etc.) почти не играть никакой роли и т. д.; knowledge without common sense counts for little при отсутствии здравого смысла знания немногого стоят; honesty counts for much in business в деловых отношениях важна честность; in this work thoroughness counts above quickness в этой работе тщательность важнее /значит больше, больше ценится/, чем быстрота; count against smth., smb. it counts against the value of the fur это снижает ценность меха; I hope it will not count against me я надеюсь, что вы не поставите это мне в вину; lack of experience counted against him его минусом был недостаток опыта; his age will count against him он не подойдет по возрасту; count with smb. money (honesty, etc.) counts with him more than anything для него самое важное деньги и т. д.

4) count among smth., smb. this book counts among the best of his works (among his major works, among his lesser efforts, etc.) эта книга принадлежит к его лучшим работам и т. д.; the river counts among the largest in the world эту реку относят к числу самых больших в мире; he counts among my best friends я считаю его одним из своих лучших друзей
9. XVII
count on doing smth. count on having at least three assistants (on your keeping the promise, on his coming, on your joining us, etc.) рассчитывать /надеяться/, что у тебя будет по крайней мере три ассистента и т. д.
10. XX1
count as smth., smb. count as a unit приниматься) за единицу: when buying tickets two children under the age of 10 count as one person при покупке билетов двое детей в возрасте до десята лет считаются за одного взрослого /приравниваются к одному взрослому/
11. XXI1
1) count smb., smth. by smth. count books by the tens (eggs by the dozen, cattle by heads, etc.) считать книги десятками и т. д.; count smth. on smth. count marbles (sticks, etc.) on the fingers считать /пересчитывать/ шарики и г. д. на пальцах; count one's luggage on arrival по прибытии пересчитать багаж; count smth. into smth. count apples (eggs, nuts, etc.) into the dish (into the bag, etc.) отсчитывать яблоки и т. д. в тарелку и т. д.; count smth. with smth. count days (weeks, months, etc.) with impatience (with irritation, with sadness, etc.) с нетерпением и т. д. считать /отсчитывать/ дни и т. д.

2) count smb. among smb. count him among one's friends (Tolstoy among the greatest writers. Dickens among the masters of our literature, etc.) относить его к числу своих друзей и т. d., признавать его своим другом и т. д.; this society counts among its members many of our leading citizens (some distinguished personages, etc.) это общество насчитывает среди своих членов много наших видных деятелей и т. д.; count smth. against smb. count his lack of knowledge (his inexperience, etc.) against him считать невежество и т. д. его недостатком; count smth. of smth. count one's life of no importance не ставить свой жизнь ни во что, не дорожить жизнью
12. XXIV2
count smb., smth. as being in some state count smb. as missing (as dead, as drowned, as absent without official leave, etc.) считать кого-л. пропавшим без вести и т. д. XXIV'' count smth. as done count the book as lost считать книгу потерянной; two months have passed I count my passport as lost прошло два месяца, я думаю, что мой паспорт уже не найдется

English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > count
16 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE

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   ■ Johns, Philip. Within Two Cloaks. Missions With SIS and SOE. London, 1979.

   ■ Koestler, Arthur. Arrival and Departure. London, 1943.

   ■ Leitz, Christian. Sympathy for the Devil: Neutral Portugal and Nazi Germany in World War II. New York, 2001.

   ■ Louca, Antonio. Hitler e Salazar. Comercio em tempos de Guerra 1940-1944. Lisbon, 2000.

   ■ Luca, Antonio. "Portugal's Double Game: Between the Nazis and the Allies." In Avi Beker, ed., The Plunder of Jewish Property during the Holocaust. Confronting European History. New York, 2001. MacIntyre, Ben. Agent Zigzag. New York: Harmony, 2007. Martins, Maria Joao. O Paraiso Triste. O Quotidiano em Lisboa durante a II Grande Guerra. Lisbon: Vega, 1994. Masterman, J.C. The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939 to 1945. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1972. Muggeridge, Malcolm. Chronicles of Wasted Time. Chronicle 2: The Infernal Grove. New York: William Morrow, 1974.

   ■ Nery, Julia. O Consul. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1991.

   ■ Pimentel, Irene Flunser. Judeus em Portugal na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Lisbon, 2006.

   ■ Popov, Dusko. Spy/ Counterspy. London, 1974.

   ■ Prokosch, Frederick. The Conspirators. New York, 1943.

   ■ Remarque, Erich Maria. The Night in Lisbon. New York, 1966.

   ■ Ribeiro, Aquilino. Volfarmio Romance. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1943.

   ■ Rosas, Fernando. Portugal entre a Paz e a Guerra. Lisbon: Estampa, 1990.

   ■ Saint-Exupery, Antoine. Wartime Writings, 1939-1944. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1986.

   ■ Teixeira, Nuno Severiano, ed. Portugal E A Guerra. Historia das Intervencoes militares portuguesas nos grandes conflitos mundiais seculos XIX e XX. Lisbon: Colibri, 1998.

   ■ Telo, Antonio Jose. Propagandal E Guerra Secreta Em Portugal 1939-45. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■. Portugal na Segunda Guerra ( 1941-1945), 2 vols. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■. Os Acores E O Controlo Do Atlantico ( 1898/ 1948). Lisbon: Ed. Asa, 1993.

   ■. A neutralidade portuguesa e o ouro nazi. Lisbon, 2000.

   ■ Vintras, R.E. The Portuguese Connection: The Secret History of the Azores Base. London: Bachman and Turner, 1974. Wheeler, Douglas L. "The Age Old Business of Espionage." 1987 World Book Year Book. Chicago, 1987.

   ■. "'In the Service of Order.' The Portuguese Political Police and the British, Germany and Spanish Intelligence [Services]." Journal of Contemporary History 36: no. 3 (Jan. 1983), 1-25.

   ■. "And Who is My Neighbor? A World War II Hero of Conscience for Portugal." Luso-Brazilian Review 23 (no. 2) (Summer 1989), 119-39.

   ■. "The Price of Neutrality: Portugal, the Wolfram Question, and World War II." Luso-Brazilian Review (Madison, WI), 23 (nos.1, 2) (Summer, 1986; Winter, 1986). 97-111; 108-127.

   ■. "Last of the Great Air Mysteries of the War [World War II]." Bridport and Lyme Regis Gazette (Dorset, U.K.), June 5, 2003, 24-25.

   ■. "Leslie Howard Helped Win World War II," St. Louis Post-Dispatch (St. Louis, Mo.), April 3, 5, 2005.

   ■ Wilson, Robert. A Small Death in Lisbon. London, 2000.

   ■. The Company Of Strangers. San Diego, 2002.

   ■ Wylie, Neville. "An Amateur Learns His Job? Special Operations Executive in Portugal, 1940-42." Journal of Contemporary History. 36: no. 3 (2001), 441-57.

   ■ The Military

   ■ Ferreira Martins, General. Historia do Exercito Portugues. Lisbon: Inquerito, 1945.

   ■ Kaulza de Arriaga, General. Guerra e Politica. Em nome da verdade. Os anos decisivos. Lisbon: Referendo, 1987.

   ■ Medeiros Ferreira, Jose. O Comportamento Politico dos Militares, Forcas Armadas e Regimes Politicos em Portugal no seculo XX. Lisbon: Estampa, 1992.

   ■ Pereira Marques, Fernando. Exercito e Sociedade em Portugal. No Declinio do Antigo Regime e advento do Liberalismo. Lisbon: Regra do Jogo, 1981.

   ■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm, 1977.

   ■ Ribeiro Dos Santos, Antonio Pedro. O Estado E A Order Publica. As Institui-coes Militares Portuguesas. Lisbon: Instituto Superior De Ciencias Sociais E Politicas, 1999.

   ■ Saraiva de Carvalho, Otelo. Alvorada em Abril. Amadora (Portugal): Bertrand, 1977.

   ■ Selvagem, Carlos. Portugal Militar. Compendio de Historia Militar e Naval de Portugal. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1931.

   ■ Spinola, Antonio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon: Arcadia, 1974.

   ■. Pais Sem Rumo. Contributo para a historia de uma Revolucao. Lisbon: Scire, 1978.

   ■ Teixeira, Nuno Severiano. Portugal e a Guerra. Historia das intervencoes militares portuguesas nos grandes conflitos mundiais do seculo XX. Lisbon: Ed. Colibri, 1999.

   ■. Coord., Nova Historia Militar de Portugal, 5 vols. Lisbon: Circulo de Leitores, 2003-.

   ■ Valente, Vasco Pulido. O Poder e o Povo. A Revolucao de 1910. Lisbon: Moraes, 1976, 1982.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. Republican Portugal: A Political History ( 1910-1926). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978, 1998.

   ■. A Ditadura Militar Portuguesa ( 1926-1933). Mem Martins: Europa- America, 1988.

   ■. "The Military and the Portuguese Dictatorship, 1926-1974: "The Honor of the Army." In Lawrence S. Graham and Harry M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. 191-219. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ Government and Politics since 1974

   ■ Aguiar, Joaquim. "Hidden Fluidity in an Ultra-Stable Party System." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 101-27. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel, ed. Sistema Eleitoral Portugües: Debate Político e Parlamentar. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional/ Casa da Moeda, 1998.

   ■, ed. "Portugal Político 25 Anos Depois." In Análise Social XXXV, 154/155 (Summer, 2000): 1-404.

   ■ Bruneau, Thomas C., and Alex Macleod. Politics in Contemporary Portugal: Parties and the Consolidation of Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1986.

   ■ Bruneau, Thomas C., ed. Political Parties and Democracy in Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1997. Carlucci, Frank. "Confiei no Povo Portugues." Visao (Lisbon), April 10, 1997, 46-47.

   ■. "The View from the U.S. Embassy." In Hans Binnendijk, ed., Authoritarian Regimes in Transition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of State, Foreign Service Institute, Center for the Study of Foreign Affairs, 1987.

   ■ Coelho, Mário Baptista, ed. Portugal. O Sistema Política a Constitucional, 1974-87. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, UNL, 1989.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antonio. "Settling Accounts with the Past in a Troubled Transition to Democracy: The Portuguese Case." In Alexandra Barahona De Brito, Carmen Gonzalez-Enriquez, and Paloma Aguilar, eds., The Politics of Memory: Transitional Justice in Democratizing Societies, 65-91. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

   ■ Cruzeiro, Maria Manuela. Costa Gomes-o Ultimo Marechal. Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 1998.

   ■ Domingos, Emídio Da Veiga. Portugal Político. Análise das Instituiçoes. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Goldey, David. "Elections and the Consolidation of Portuguese Democracy: 1974-1983." Electoral Studies 2, 3 (1983): 229-40.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. "Institutionalizing Democracy: Governance in Post-1974 Portugal." In Ali Farazmand, ed., Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration, 81-90. New York: Dekker, 1991.

   ■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Gunther, Richard. "Spain and Portugal." In G. A. Dorfman and P. J. Duignan, eds., Politics in Western Europe, 186-236. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1988.

   ■ Magone, José Maria. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. Basingstoke, U.K.: Macmillan, 1997.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

   ■, ed. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth R., and Scott C. Monje, eds. Portugal: The Constitution and the Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-1989. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Camões Center Special Report No. 2, Columbia University, 1991.

   ■ Opello, Walter C., Jr. "The New Parliament in Portugal." Legislative Studies Quarterly, 3 (May 1978): 309-334.

   ■. "Local Government and Political Culture in a Portuguese Rural County." Comparative Politics 13 (April 1981): 271-89.

   ■. "Portugal's Administrative Elite: Social Origins and Political Attitudes." West European Politics 6 (Jan. 1983): 63-74.

   ■. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.

   ■ Pinto Balsemão, Francisco. "The Constitution and Politics: Options for the Future." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 197-232. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Sartori, Giovanni. "Portugal." In Sartori, G, ed., Parties and Party Systems. Vol. 1, 131-45. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976. Secretary of State for Mass Communications. Constitution of the Portuguese Republic [1976]. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Contemporary Portugal since 1974

   ■ Aguiar, Joaquim. A Ilusão do poder: Analise do Sistema Partidário, 19761982. Lisbon, 1983. Almeida, Diniz de. Orígens e Evolução do Movimento dos Capitães. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■. Ascensao, Apogeu e Queda do MFA, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Alves, Márcio Moreira. Les Soldats Socialistes du Portugal. Paris: Gallimard, 1975.

   ■ Antunes, José Freire. Sá Carneiro: Um Meteoro Nos Anos Setenta. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■. O Segredo do 25 de Novembro. Mem Martins, 1983.

   ■ Arouca, Manuel. Os Filhos Da Costa Do Sol. Mem Martins, 1989. Audibert, Pierre, and Daniel Brignon. Portugal: Les nouveaux centurions. Paris, 1974.

   ■ Baptista, Jacinto. Caminhos para uma revolução. Lisbon, 1975. Barreto, Antônio. Memórias da Reforma Agrária. Mem Martins: Europa-Amé-rica, 1983.

   ■, and C. V. Preto, eds. A Situação Social em Portugal, 1960-1996. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, 1996.

   ■ Bermeo, Nancy Gina. "Worker Management in Industry: Reconciling Representative Government and Industrial Democracy in a Polarized Society." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 181-98. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. The Revolution within the Revolution: Workers' Control in Rural Portugal. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

   ■ Braeckman, Colette. Portugal: Revolution surveilée. Brussels: Rossei, 1975.

   ■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel. "O Presidente da República na génese e evolução do sistema de governor portugües." Análise social XXIX, 125-26 (1994): 237-65.

   ■, coord. "Portugal Político 25 Anos Depois." Análise Social XXXV, 154/155 (Summer 2000): 1-404. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Popular Support for Democracy in Post-revolutionary Portugal: Results from a Survey." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 21-42. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. Politics and Nationhood: Post-Revolutionary Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1984.

   ■. "Portugal Fifteen Years after the April Revolution." Field Staff Reports ( 1989-90/ No. 1, Europe), 3-11. Indianapolis, Ind.: Universities Field Staff International, 1990.

   ■, and Alex Macleod. Politics in Contemporary Portugal: Parties and the Consolidation of Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1986.

   ■ Carvalho, Ortelo Saraiva de. Cinco Meses Mudaram Portugal. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Alvorada em Abril. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Cid, Augusto. PREC-Processo Revolucionário Eventualmente Chocante. Viseu, 1977.

   ■ Costa Lobo, Marina, and Pedro C. Magalhaes. "From 'Third Wave' to 'Third Way': Europe and the Portuguese Socialists (1975-1999)," Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 3, no. 1 (2001), 25-35.

   ■ Costa Pinto, Antônio, ed. Modern Portugal. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■, and Nuno Severiano Teixeira, eds. Southern Europe and the Making of the European Union. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2002.

   ■ Cunhal, Alvaro. A Revolução Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999.

   ■ Downs, Charles. "Comissões de Moradores and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 4 (1986): 267-94.

   ■. Revolution at the Grassroots: Community Organizations in the Portuguese Revolution. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.

   ■ Dufour, Jean-Marc. Prague sur Tage. Paris, 1975.

   ■ Durão Barroso, José. Le systémepolitiqueportugais face à l'intégration euro-péenne. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Eisfeid, Rainer. "Portugal: What Role/What Future?" In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution. New York: RIIC, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■. Sozialistischer Pluralismus in Europa: Ansãtze und Scheitern am Beispiel Portugal. Cologne: Verlag Wissenchaft ünd Politik, 1985.

   ■. "Portugal and Western Europe." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 29-62. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Farinha, Luis. "Regresso a Europa. Uma opcao feliz." Historia. XXIX; 95, III series (March 2007), 23-33.

   ■ Faye, Jean-Pierre, ed. Portugal: The Revolution in the Labyrinth. Nottingham, U.K.: Spokesman, 1976. Ferreira, Hugo Gil, and Michael W. Marshall. Portugal's Revolution: Ten Years On. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Figueira, João Costa. Cavaco Silva: Homem de Estado. Lisbon, 1987. Filoche, Gérard. Printemps Portugais. Paris: Editions Action, 1984. Frémontier, Jacques. Os Pontos nos ii. Lisbon, 1976. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. 25 de Abril-10 anos depois. Lisbon, 1984. Futscher Pereira, Bernardo. "Portugal and Spain." In K. Maxwell, ed. Portugal in the 1980s, 63-87. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Gama, Jaime. Política Externa Portuguesa 1983-85: Ministério dos Negôcios Estrangeiros. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■. "Preface." In J. Calvet de Magalhães, A. de Vasconcelos, and J. Ramos Silva, eds., Portugal: An Atlantic Paradox, 9-11. Lisbon, 1990. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino. As Eleições De 25 De Abril: Geografia E Imagem Dos Partidos. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. "10 Anos de Democracia: Reflexos na geografia política." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opelio, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal 1974-1984/ Conflitos e Mudanças em Portugal, 1974-1984, 135-55. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.

   ■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.

   ■, and Harry M. Makler, eds. Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.

   ■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.

   ■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.

   ■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.

   ■. Portugal in Revolution. Washington, D.C.: CSIS and Sage, 1976.

   ■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.

   ■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.

   ■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.

   ■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.

   ■ Keefe, Eugene K., et al. Area Handbook for Portugal, 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies of American University, 1977. Kramer, Jane. "A Reporter at Large: The Portuguese Revolution." The New Yorker (Dec. 15, 1975): 92-131.

   ■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.

   ■ Livermore, H. V. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

   ■ Lourenço, Eduardo. Os Militares e O Poder. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. O Fascismo Nunca Existiu. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. "Identidade e Memôria: o caso português." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-l 984, 17-22. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.

   ■. "A herança de duas revoluções." In M. Baptista Coelho, ed., Portugal: O Sistema Político e Constitucional, 1974-87, 505-55. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Macedo, Jorge Braga de, and S. Serfaty. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1981.

   ■ Magone, José M. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity, 1977. Manta, João Abel. Cartoons/ 1969-1975. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Manuel, Paul C. Uncertain Outcome: The Politics of Portugal's Transition to Democracy. Lanham, Md. and London: University Press of America, 1994.

   ■ Mateus, Rui. Contos Proibidos. Memorias de Um PS Desconhecido, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Portugal under Pressure." The New York Review of Books (May 2, 1974).

   ■. "The Hidden Revolution in Portugal." The New York Review of Books (April 17, 1975).

   ■. "The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution." Foreign Affairs 54, 2 (Jan. 1976): 250-70.

   ■. "The Communists and the Portuguese Revolution." Dissent 27, 2 (Spring 1980): 194-206.

   ■. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

   ■, ed. "Portugal: Toward the Twenty-First Century." Camoes Center Quarterly 5, 3-4 (Fall 1995): 6-55.

   ■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.

   ■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.

   ■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.

   ■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.

   ■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.

   ■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.

   ■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.

   ■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.

   ■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.

   ■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).

   ■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.

   ■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.

   ■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.

   ■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].

   ■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.

   ■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.

   ■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.

   ■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.

   ■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,

   ■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.

   ■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).

   ■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.

   ■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Stock, Maria José. Os Partidos do Poder: Dez Anos Depois do " 25 De Abril." Evora, 1986.

   ■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.

   ■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.

   ■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.

   ■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.

   ■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.

   ■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA

   ■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.

   ■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.

   ■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.

   ■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.

   ■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.

   ■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.

   ■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.

   ■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.

   ■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.

   ■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.

   ■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.

   ■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY

   ■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).

   ■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da

   ■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

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   ■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.

   ■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.

   ■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.

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   ■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.

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   ■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS

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   ■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.

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   ■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.

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   ■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.

   ■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.

   ■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.

   ■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.

   ■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.

   ■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.

   ■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.

   ■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.

   ■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.

   ■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.

   ■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

   ■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.

   ■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.

   ■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.

   ■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.

   ■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.

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   ■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.

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   ■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.

   ■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.

   ■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.

   ■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.

   ■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.

   ■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.

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   ■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.

   ■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.

   ■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.

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   ■. Navegadores, viajantes e adventureiros portugueses: Séculos XV e XVI. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.

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   ■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.

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   ■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.

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   ■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.

   ■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.

   ■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.

   ■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.

   ■ Dias, José S. da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.

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   ■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.

   ■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.

   ■ Martyn, John R. C., ed. Pedro Nunes ( 1502-1578): His Lost Algebra and Other Discoveries. John R. C. Martyn, trans. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.

   ■ Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A. D. 500-1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.

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   ■ ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, RURAL AND URBAN SOCIETY

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   ■ Martins, Hermínio. "Portugal." In Margaret S. Archer and Salvador Giner, eds., Contemporary Europe: Class, Status and Power. New York: St. Martins, 1971.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Identificação de um país. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Merten, Peter. Anarchismüs und Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libera-tare Association, 1981.

   ■ Monteiro, Paulo. Terra que ja foi terra: Análise Sociológica de nove lugares agro-pastorais da Serra da Lousã. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Nataf, Daniel. "Social Cleavages and Regime Formation in Contemporary Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, UCLA, 1987.

   ■ Nazareth, J. Manuel. "Familia e Emigração em Portugal: Ensaio Exploratório." Economia e Socialismo 23 (1977): 31-50.

   ■ O'Neill, Brian Juan. "Dying and Inheriting in Rural Tras-os-Montes." Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford 14 (1983): 44-74.

   ■. Social Inequality in a Portuguese Hamlet: Land, Late Marriage, and Inheritance, 1870-1978. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

   ■ Pacheco, Helder. Tradições Populares de Portugal. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Pardoe, Julia. Traits and Traditions of Portugal, 2 vols. London, 1832.

   ■ Pereira Neto, João Baptista. "Social Evolution in Portugal since 1945." In Raymond S. Sayers, ed., Portugal and Brazil in Transition, 212-27. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.

   ■ Pina-Cabral, João de. Sons of Adam, Daughters of Eve: The Peasant World-View of the Alto Minho. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.

   ■. "Sociocultural Differentiation and Regional Identity in Portugal." In

   ■ R. Herr and J. H. Polt, eds., Iberian Identity, 3-18. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1989.

   ■ Poinard, Michel. La Retour des Traveilleurs Portugais. Paris: La Documentation Francaise, 1979.

   ■ Reed, Robert Roy. "Managing the Revolution: Revolutionary Promise and Political Reality in Rural Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, 1988.

   ■ Riegelhaupt, Joyce F. "In the Shadow of the City: Integration of a Portuguese Village" [São João das Lampas, nr, Cascais]. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, 1964.

   ■. "Saloio Women: An Analysis of Informal and Formal Political and Economic Roles of Portuguese Peasant Women." Anthropological Quarterly 40, 3 (July 1967): 109-26.

   ■. "Festas and Padres: The Organization of Religious Action in a Portuguese Parish." American Anthropologist 75 (1973): 835-52.

   ■. "Peasants and Politics in Salazar's Portugal: The Corporate State and Village 'Nonpolitics'" In L. S. Graham and H. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents, 167-90. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Julieta E. S. de Almeida. "Continuity and Change in Urban Portuguese Women's Roles: Emerging New Household Structures." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, Columbia University, 1979.

   ■ Rowland, Robert. "Demographic Patterns and Rural Society in Portugal." So-ciologica Ruralis 26, 1 (1986): 36-47.

   ■ Sanchis, Pierre. Arraial. La Fête d'un Peuple: Les Pélerinages Populaires au Portugal. Paris, 1976.

   ■ Siegel, Bernard J. "Social Structure and Medical Practitioners in Rural Brazil and Portugal." Sociologia (São Paulo) 20, 4 (Oct. 1958): 463-76.

   ■. "Conflict, Parochialism and Social Differentiation in Portuguese Society." Journal of Conflict Resolution V, 1 (March 1961): 35-12.

   ■ Smith, T. Lynn. "The Social Relationships of Man to the Land in Portugal." Sociologia 25, 1 (Dec. 1963): 319-43.

   ■ Sousa Santos, Boaventura. "Estado e sociedade na semiperíferia do sistema mundiale: O caso português." Análise Social 87-89 (1985): 869-902.

   ■. "Social Crisis and the State." In Kenneth Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation, 167-95. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Vasconcellos, Joaquim Leite de. Ethnograia Portuguesa, 8 vols. Lisbon, 1941-82.

   ■. Tradições Populares Portugueses. New ed. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Willems, Emilio. "On Portuguese Family Structure." International Journal of Comparative Society (Dharwar, India) 3, 1 (Sept. 1962): 65-79.

   ■ ARTS, ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING, MUSIC

   ■ Almeida, Rodrigo Vicente de. História da Arte em Portugal: ( Segundo Estudo) Documentos lnéditos. Oporto, 1883. Almeida D'Eca, Admiral Vicente M. Castles of Portugal. Lisbon, 1925. Amaral, Francisco K. Lisboa: Uma Cidade em Transformação. Lisbon, 1969. Azevedo, Carlos de, and Chester Brummel. Churches of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1985.

   ■ Barreira, João, ed. Arte Portuguesa: As Decorativas, 2 vols. Lisbon, n.d.

   ■ Barretto, Mascarenhas, and George Dykes. Fado: Lyrical Origins and Poetical Motivation. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. London: Scala, 1987.

   ■ Branco, Luís de Freitas. A Música em Portugal. Lisbon, 1930.

   ■ Brito, Manuel Carlos de. Opera in Portugal in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

   ■ Carvalho, Pinto de. História de Fado. Lisbon, 1903 and 1982 eds.

   ■ Castro d'Aire, Teresa. O Fado. Lisbon: Temas da Actualidade, 1996.

   ■ Chicó, Mário Tavares. A Architectura Gótica em Portugal. Lisbon, 1968.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. A Arte em Portugal No Século XIX. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■. Lisboa Pombalina e o Illuminismo, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■. A Reconstrucão e a Arquitectura Pombalina. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Gallop, Rodney. "The Fado (The Portuguese Song of Fate)." Musical Quarterly XIX (1933): 199-213.

   ■. Eight Portuguese Folksongs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936.

   ■ Gil, Júlio. The Finest Churches in Portugal. Lisbon, 1988.

   ■. The Finest Castles in Portugal, 3rd ed. George F. W. Dykes, trans. Lisbon, 1996.

   ■ Gonçalves, Rui Mário. Pintura e escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura, 1984.

   ■. 100 Pintores Portugueses do século XX. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■ Kubler, George. Portuguese Plain Architecture: Between Spices and Diamonds, 1521-1706. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1972.

   ■. Studies in Ancient American and European Art: The Collected Essays of George Kubler. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985.

   ■, and Martin Soria. Art and Architecture in Spain and Portugal. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1959.

   ■ Lacerda, Aarão de. História da Arte em Portugal, 2 vols. Oporto, 1942-48.

   ■ Leão, Joaquim de Sousa. "Decorative Art: The Azulejo." In H. V. Livermore, ed. Portugal and Brazil: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953.

   ■ Lopes Graça, Fernando. A canção popular portuguesa. Lisbon, 1953.

   ■. A música portuguesa e os sus problemas: Ensaios. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Moita, Luís. O fado: canção de vencidos. Lisbon, 1936.

   ■ Neves, José Cassiano. The Palace and Gardens of Fronteira: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Portuguese Style. Lisbon: Quetzal and Scala, 1995. North, C.T. Guia dos castelos antigos de Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon: Bertrand Ed., 2002.

   ■ Pacheco, Jose. Stuart Carvalhais. O desenho grafico e a imprensa. Lisbon: Biblioteca do Empresario, 2000. Pereira, Paulo, ed. Arte portuguesa. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995. Picchio, Luciana Stegagno. Storia del Teatro Portoghese. Rome: Edizinio deli' Ateneo, 1964.

   ■ Queirós, José. Cerâmica Portuguesa, 2 vols. 2nd rev. ed. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Santos, Luís Reis. Monuments of Portugal. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■ Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1948-50.

   ■. História da Arte em Portugal. Oporto, 1953.

   ■ Sasportes, José. História da Dança em Portugal. Lisbon, 1970. Simões, J. M. dos Santos. "Azulejos in a Land of Many Colours." Connoisseur (London) CXXXVII, 551 (1956): 15-21.

   ■. Azulejaria em Portugal no Século X VIII. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. A Talha em Portugal. Lisbon, 1963.

   ■. The Art of Portugal, 1500-1800. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968.

   ■. "The Building of Mafra." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 360-67.

   ■ Stoop, Anne de. Demeures portugaises dans les environs de Lisbonne. Paris: Weber, 1986.

   ■. Palais et manoirs: Le Minho. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1995.

   ■ Tannock, Michael. Portuguese 20th Century Artists: A Biographical Dictionary. Chichester, U.K.: Phillimore, 1978.

   ■ Taylor, René. "The Architecture of Port Wine." The Architectural Review CXXIX, 772 (1961): 368-99.

   ■ Terol, Marylene. Azulejos a Lisbonne. Paris: Hervas, 1992.

   ■ Veiga de Oliveira, Ernesto. Instrumentos musicais populares portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Watson, Walter Crum. Portuguese Architecture. London: Constable, 1908. Wohl, Hellmut. "Carlos Mardel and His Lisbon Architecture." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 350-59.

   ■ Sculpture and Ceramics

   ■ Andrade, Sergio de. "Presepios." In Dicionario de Arte Barroca em Portugal. Lisbon: Presenca, 1989. Barreira, Joao. Arte Portuguesa, Arquitectura e Escultura. Lisbon: Excelsior, n.d.

   ■ Cardoso, Arnaldo Pinto. O Presepio Barroco Portugues. Lisbon: Bertrand, 2003.

   ■ Chaves, Luis. Os Barristas Portugueses. Coimbra, 1925.

   ■. Natal Portugues. Oporto: Liv. Classica Editora, 1942.

   ■ Gargano, Pietro. Il Presepio. Otto Secoli di Storia, Arte, Tradizione. Milan: Fenice, 1995.

   ■ Lima, Henrique de Campos F. Joaquim Machado de Castro, Escultor Conimbricense. Coimbra: Instituto de Historia de Arte, 1989. Macedo, Diogo de. Presepios Portugueses. Lisbon: Artis, 1951.

   ■. Machado de Castro. Lisbon: Artis, 1958.

   ■ Morais, Heitor. Natal do Meu Coracao. Braga: Ed. A.O., 1991.

   ■ Pais, Alexandre Nobre. Presepios Portugueses Monumentos do Seculo XVIII em Terracotta, 2 vols. Master's thesis in history of art, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Queiros, Jose. Ceramica Portuguesa. Lisbon: Presenca, 1998. Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1951. Serrao, Vitor. Historia da Arte em Portugal IV-O Barroco. Lisbon: Presenca, 2003.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. The Art Of Portugal 1500-1800. New York: Meredith Press, 1968.

   ■ Sousa, Ernesto de. Presepios. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1998.

   ■ Cinema

   ■ Antunes, Joao and Jose de Matos-Cruz, Cinema Portugues 1896-1998. Lisbon: Lusomundo, 1997.

   ■ Bandeira, Jose Gomes. Porto: 100 anos de cinema portugues. Oporto: Camara Municipal do Porto, 1996. Duarte, Fernando. Primitivos do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Cinecultura, 1960.

   ■ Faria de Almeida, M., Resumo da Historia do Cinema. Lisbon: RTP, 1982. Nobre, Roberto. Singularidades do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Portugalia, n.d.

   ■ Pina, Luis de. Aventura do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Vega, 1977.

   ■. Documentarismo Portugues. Lisbon: IPC, 1977.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Historia do Cinema Portugues. Mem Martins: Europa-America, 1986.

   ■ Ribeiro, Felix. O Cinema Portugues antes do Sonoro. Esboco Historiconema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: n.d.

   ■ Children's Literature

   ■ Andresen, Sofia de Melo Breyner. A Fada Oriana. 9th ed. Lisbon: Figueiri-nhas, 1985.

   ■ Araújo, Matilde Rosa. A estrada fascinante. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1988. Barreto, Garcia. Literatura Para Crianças E Jovens Em Portugal. Oporto:

   ■ Campo Das Letras, 1998. Bastos, Glória. A escrita para crianças em Portugal no seculo XIX. Lisbon:

   ■ Caminho da Educaçao, 1997. Cadet, Maria Rita Chiappe. Os Contos da Mamã. Lisbon: Lallement Freres, 1883.

   ■ Castro, Fernanda. Mariazinha em Africa, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1947. Cross, Esther, and Wilbur Cross. Portugal. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1986. DeSkalon, Anna, and Christa Stadtler. We Live in Portugal. New York: Watts, 1987.

   ■ Gomes, Alice. A Nau Catrineta, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1973.

   ■. A literatura para a infância. Lisbon: Torres & Abreu, 1979.

   ■ Letria, José Jorge. Do sentimento mágico da vida. Lisbon: Escritor, 1994. Müller, Adolfo Simões. Historiazinha de Portugal, 6th ed. Oporto: Tavares Martins, 1983.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. Para as crianças. Illustr. by Leal da Câmara. Setúbal: Liv. Crianças, 1908.

   ■ Pires, Maria Laura Bettencourt. História da literatura infantil portuguesa. Lisbon: Vega, 1981. Ribeiro, Aquilino. Arca de Noé-III Classe. Lisbon, 1989. Rocha, Natércia. Breve História da Literatura para Crianças em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa, 1984.

   ■. Bibliografia geral da literatura portuguesa para crianças. Lisbon: Edit. Comunicação, 1987.

   ■ Sá, Domingos Guimarães de. A literatura infantil em Portugal. Braga: Edit. Franciscana, 1981.

   ■ Selfridge. John. Portugal. New York: Chelsea House, 1990. Vaz de Carvalho, Maria Amália. Contos para os Nossos Filhos, 11th ed. Oporto: Barreira, 1947.

   ■ Viana, António Manuel Couto. Jõao de Deus e um século de literatura infantil em Portugal. Lisbon: Ed. do Templo, 1978.

   ■ Lisbon, Capital City, in History and Literature

   ■ Castelo-Branco, Fernando. Lisboa Seiscentista, 3rd ed. Lisbon: 1969.

   ■ Castilho, Júlio de. Lisboa Antiga, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1935-45.

   ■ Couto, Dejanirah. Histoire de Lisbonne. Paris: Fayard, 2000.

   ■ Crespo, Ángel. Lisboa Mítica e Literária. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1987.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Lisboa Desaparecida. Lisbon: Quimera, 1990.

   ■ Dionísio, Sant'anna, ed. Guia de Portugal. Vol. I: Lisboa e Arredores. Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, 1924, orig. ed; reprint, Gulbenkian Foundation, 1979.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. Lisboa Pombalina e o Iluminismo. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1977.

   ■ Moita, Irisalva, ed. O Livro de Lisboa. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1994.

   ■ Neves, Orlando. Lisboa em Crónica. Lisbon: Author's Ed., 1968.

   ■ Pavão, Luís, and Mário Pereira. Tabernas de Lisboa. Lisbon: Assírio & Alvim, 1981.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Lisboa. O que o turista deve ver: What the Tourist Should See. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1997.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. À Capital. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1960.

   ■ Santos, Piedade Braga, et al. Lisboa Setecentista vista por Estrangeiros. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1996.

   ■ Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa. Lisbon: Caminho, 1993.

   ■ Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.

   ■ The Inquisition in History

   ■ Azevedo, João Lúcio. Historia das Cristãos-Novos. Lisbon: Liv. Clássica, 1975.

   ■ Baião, António. A Inquisição em Portugal e no Brasil: Subsídios para a sua história. Lisbon: Arquivo Histórico Portugues, 1906. Bethencourt, Francisco. "Portugal: A Scrupulous Inquisition," In Bengt Ankarloo and Gustav Henningsen, eds., Early Modern Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries, 403-22. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.

   ■. "Os equilíbrios sociais do Poder." In José Mattoso, ed., Historia De Portugal, Vol. 3, No Alvorecer Da Modernidade ( 1480-1620). Lisbon: Estampa, 1993.

   ■. História das Inquisições: Portugal, Espanha e Itália. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1994.

   ■ Braga, Maria Luísa. A Inquisição em Portugal na primeira metade do Séc. XVIII. Lisbon: Inst. Nacional de Investigação Científica, 1992.

   ■ Haliczer, Stephen, ed. Inquisition and Society in Early Modern Europe. London: Croom Helm, 1987.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. Reprint. New York: AMS Press, 1968.

   ■ Magalhães, Joaquim Romero. "Em Busca dos Tempos da Inquisição (15731615)." Revista de História das Ideias 9 (1987): 191-228.

   ■ Mea, Elvira Cunha Azevedo. A Inquisição de Coimbra no Século XVI. Oporto, 1989.

   ■ Mendonça, José Lourenço D. de, and António Joaquim Moreira. História da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1980.

   ■ Novinsky, Anita, and Luísa M. Carneiro, eds. Inquisição: Ensaios sobre Mentalidade, Heresias e Arte. Rio de Janeiro: Expressão e Cultura, 1992.

   ■ Pereira, Isais da Rosa. Documentos para a história da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Rego, Yvonne Cunha, ed. Feiticeiros, Profetas e Visionários: Textos Antigos Portugueses. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional e Casa da Moeda, 1981.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. Inquisição e cristãos-novos. Lisbon: Estampa, 1985.

   ■ Walker, Timothy Dale. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of History, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Literature in English Translation: Selection

   ■ Alcaforado, Mariana. The Letters of a Portuguese Nun ( Mariana Alcaforado). Edgar Prestage, trans. London: D. Nutt, 1893.

   ■ Andrade, Eugénio de. "White on White." Alexis Levitin, trans. Quarterly Review of Literature. Poetry Series VIII. Vol. 27. Princeton, N.J., 1987.

   ■. Another Name for Earth; O outro nome da terra. Alexis Levitin, trans. Ft. Bragg, Calif.: QED Press, 1997.

   ■ Andresen, Sophia de Mello Breyner. Marine Rose: Selected Poems. Ruth Fain-light, trans. Redding Ridge, Conn.: Swan Books, 1989.

   ■ Antunes, António Lobo. South of Nowhere. Elizabeth Lowe, trans. New York: Random House, 1983.

   ■. Fado Alexandrino. Gregory Rabassa, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990.

   ■. An Explanation of the Birds. Richard Zenith, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991.

   ■. Act of the Damned. New York: Grove Press, 1995.

   ■. The Natural Order of Things. New York: Grove Press, 2000.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. The Three Marias: New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. Poems from the Portuguese ( with the Portuguese text). A.

   ■ Bell, trans. Oxford: Blackwell, 1913.

   ■ Camões, Luís de. The Lusiads of Luís de Camões. Leonard Bacon, trans. New York: Hispanic Society of America, 1950.

   ■. The Lusiads. William C. Atkinson, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1952.

   ■. The Lusiads. Landeg White, trans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

   ■ Castelo Branco, Camilo. Doomed Love ( A Family Memoir). Alice R. Clemente, trans Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1995. Castro, José Maria Ferreira de. Emigrants. Dorothy Ball, trans. New York: Macmillan, 1962.

   ■. Jungle. Charles Duff, trans. New York: Viking, 1935.

   ■. The Mission. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1963.

   ■ Dantas, Júlio. The Cardinals' Collation, 48th ed. A. Saintsbury, trans. London, 1962.

   ■ Dias de Melo. Dark Stones. Gregory McNab, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1996.

   ■ Dinis, Júlio. The Fidalgos of Casa Mourisca. Rosanna Dabney, trans. Boston: D. Lothrop, 1891.

   ■ Garrett, Almeida. Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.

   ■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.

   ■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.

   ■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.

   ■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.

   ■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. The Travels of Mendes Pinto [Orig. title: Peregrinação].

   ■ Rebecca D. Catz, trans., with introduction and notes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. Miguéis, José Rodrigues. A Man Smiles at Death with Half a Face. George

   ■ Monteiro, trans. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1991.

   ■. Happy Easter. John Byrne, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■. Steerage and Ten Other Stories. George Monteiro, ed. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1998. Monteiro, Luís De Sttau. The Rules of the Game. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1965.

   ■ Mourão-Ferreira, David. Lucky in Love. Christine Robinson, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1999. Namora, Fernando. Field of Fate. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1970.

   ■. Mountain Doctor. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1956.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Inclement Weather over the Channel. Francisco Cota Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1993.

   ■. Stormy Isles: An Azorean Tale. Francisco C. Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 2000.

   ■ Paço D'Arcos, Joaquim. Memoirs of a Banknote. Robert Lyle, trans. London, 1968.

   ■ Pedroso, Consiglieri, comp. Portuguese Folk-Tales. Henriqueta Monteiro, trans. Reprint of orig. 1882 ed. New York: Benjamin Blom, 1969.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Fernando Pessoa: Sixty Portuguese Poems. F. E. G. Quintanilha, ed. and trans. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1971.

   ■. Selected Poems: Fernando Pessoa. 2nd rev. ed. Jonathan Griffin, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1982.

   ■. The Book of Disquiet. Alfred MacAdams, trans. New York: Pantheon, 1991.

   ■. Fernando Pessoa: Selected Poems. Peter Rickard, ed. and trans. Edinburgh, U.K.: Edinburgh University Press, 1991.

   ■. "The Mariner: A 'Static Drama' in One Act." In Translation: Portugal.

   ■ George Ritchie, et al., trans. The Journal of Literary Translation. Vol. XXV, 38-56. New York: Translation Center, Columbia University, 1991.

   ■. Message: Bilingual Edition. Jonathan Griffin, trans. London: Menard Press and King's College, 1992.

   ■ Pires, José Cardoso. Ballad of a Dog's Beach. Mary Fitton, trans. London: J. M. Dent, 1986.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. Cousin Bazilio. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1953.

   ■. The Relic. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1954.

   ■. The City and the Mountains. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1955.

   ■. The Sin of Father Amaro. Nan Flanagan, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1962.

   ■. The Maias. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1965.

   ■. The Illustrious House of Ramires. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■. Letters from England. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1970.

   ■. To the Capital. John Vetch, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■ Quental, Antero de. Sixty-four Sonnets. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: David Nutt, 1894.

   ■ Redol, Alves. The Man with Seven Names. L. L. Barrett, trans. New York: Knopf, 1964.

   ■ Resende, André de. André deResende's 'Poema Latina'/ 'Latinpoems.' J. C. R. Martyn, ed. and trans. Lewiston N.Y.: Lampeter and Edwin Mellen, 1998. Ribeiro, Aquilino. When the Wolves Howl. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. New York: Macmillan; London: Cape, 1963. Sá Carneiro, Mário de. The Great Shadow ( and Other Stories). Margaret Jull Costa, trans. Sawtry, U.K.: Dedalus, 1996. Santareno, Bernardo. The Promise. Nelson H. Vieira, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1981.

   ■ Saramago, José. Baltasar and Blimunda. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1987.

   ■. The Stone Raft. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The History of the Siege of Lisbon. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1996.

   ■. Blindness. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1999.

   ■. Tale of the Unknown Island. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2000.

   ■. All the Names. Margaret Jull Costa, trans. New York: Harcourt, 2000.

   ■. Journey to Portugal. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2001.

   ■ Sena, Jorge de. The Poetry of Jorge de Sena: A Bilingual Selection. Frederick G. Williams et al., trans. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Mudborn Press, 1980.

   ■. By the Rivers of Babylon and Other Stories. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1989.

   ■ Vicente, Gil. Four Plays of Gil Vicente: Edited from the Editio Princeps ( 1562). Aubrey F. G. Bell, ed. and trans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920.

   ■. Lyrics of Gil Vicente. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Hispanic Notes and Monographs, Portuguese Series 1, 1921.

   ■. The Play of Rubena. Jack E. Tomlins, trans.; Rene P. Garay and José I. Suarez, eds. New York: National Hispanic Foundation for Humanities, 1993.

   ■. The Boat Plays. David Johnston, trans. and adaptation. London: Oberon, 1996.

   ■. Three Discovery Plays. Anthony Lappin, trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1997.

   ■ Vieira, António. Dust Thou Art. Rev. W. Anderson, trans. London, 1882.

   ■ Portuguese and Portuguese-American Cooking: Cuisine

   ■ Anderson, Jean. Food of Portugal. New York: Hearst, 1994. Asselin, E. Donald. A Portuguese-American Cookbook. Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle, 1966.

   ■ Bourne, Ursula. Portuguese Cookery. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1973. Crato, Maria Helena Tavares. Cozinha Portuguesa I, II. Lisbon: Editorial Presença, 1978.

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   ■ Feminism and Women's Studies

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   ■ Blanshard, Paul. Freedom and Catholic Power in Spain and Portugal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.

   ■ Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and State in Portugal: Crises of Cross and Sword." Journal of Church and State XVIII (1976): 463-90. Freire, José Geraldes. Resistência Católico ao Salazarismo-Marcelismo. Oporto, 1976.

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   ■ IPOPE. Estudo sobre liberdade e religião em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973. Johnston, Francis. Fátima: The Great Sign. Chulmleigh, U.K.: Augustine Publications, 1980.

   ■ Kondor, Fr. Louis. Fátima in Lucia's Own Words: Sister Lucia's Memoirs. Fatima: Postulation Center, 1976. Lourenço, Joaquim Maria. Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.

   ■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.

   ■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.

   ■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.

   ■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.

   ■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.

   ■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing

   ■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.

   ■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.

   ■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.

   ■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.

   ■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.

   ■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.

   ■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.

   ■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.

   ■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.

   ■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.

   ■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.

   ■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.

   ■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.

   ■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.

   ■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.

   ■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.

   ■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.

   ■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

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   ■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.

   ■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.

   ■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.

   ■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.

   ■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.

   ■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.

   ■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.

   ■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.

   ■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.

   ■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.

   ■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.

   ■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT

   ■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.

   ■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.

   ■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.

   ■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.

   ■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.

   ■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.

   ■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).

   ■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.

   ■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.

   ■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.

   ■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.

   ■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.

   ■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.

   ■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].

   ■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.

   ■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.

   ■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.

   ■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.

   ■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.

   ■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.

   ■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.

   ■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.

   ■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.

   ■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL

   ■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.

   ■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.

   ■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.

   ■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.

   ■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.

   ■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.

   ■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.

   ■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.

   ■ EQUESTRIANISM

   ■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.

   ■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.

   ■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.

   ■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.

   ■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,

   ■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.

   ■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.com

Historical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
17 Merivale, John Herman

SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology

[br]

b. mid-nineteenth century

d. after 1895

[br]

English mining educator.

[br]

J.H.Merivale had the distinction of being elected to the first English professorship in mining when a chair in this subject was endowed by a group of prominent coal-mine owners at the Durham College of Science, Newcastle upon Tyne (then the University of Durham, but subsequently to become the nucleus of the University of Newcastle). He was the son of Dean Merivale, a distinguished Roman historian, and had been educated at Winchester. He had been the first student to register to train as a mining engineer at the school of science in Durham. He served as Professor for fifteen years, resigning in 1895 to become Manager of the Broomhill collieries. About a hundred students attended his classes in 1887–8, and the College acquired a reputation for supplying more Government Inspectors of Mines than any other institution.

[br]

Further Reading

R.A.Buchanan, 1989, The Engineers, p. 173. C.E.Whiting, 1932, University of Durham, p. 197.

AB

Biographical history of technology > Merivale, John Herman
18 Wilson, Thomas

SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Ports and shipping

[br]

b. 1781 Dunbar, Scotland

d. 1 December 1873 Grangemouth, Scotland

[br]

Scottish shipwright and canal engineer, builder of the barge Vulcan, the world's first properly constructed iron ship.

[br]

Wilson, the son of a sailor, spent his early years on the Forth. Later his father moved home to the west and Wilson served his apprenticeship as a shipwright on the Clyde at the small shipyards of Bowling, fifteen miles (24 km) west of Glasgow and on the river's north bank. In his late thirties Wilson was to take the leading role in what is arguably the most important development in Scotland's distinguished shipbuilding history: the building of the world's first properly constructed iron ship. This ship, the Vulcan, was the culmination of several years' effort by a group of people well connected within the academic establishment of Scotland. The Forth and Clyde Canal Company had passed instructions for investigations to be made into reducing running expenses and a distinguished committee looked into this matter. They included John Robison (Secretary of the Royal Society of Edinburgh), Professor Joseph Black of Glasgow University, James Watt and John Schanck. After a period of consideration it was decided to build a new, fastpassage barge of iron, and tenders were invited from several appropriate contractors. Wilson, with the assistance of two blacksmiths, John and Thomas Smellie, was awarded the work, and the Vulcan was constructed and ultimately launched at Faskine near Glasgow in 1819. The work involved was far beyond the comprehension of engineers of the twentieth century, as Wilson had to arrange puddled-iron plates for the shell and hand-crafted angle irons for the frames. His genius is now apparent as every steel ship worldwide uses a form of construction literally "hammered out on the anvil" between 1818 and 1819. The Vulcan was almost 64 ft (19.5 m) in length and 11 ft (3.4 m) broad. In 1822 Wilson was appointed an inspector of works for the Canal Company, and ultimately he superintended the building of the docks at Grangemouth, where he died in 1873, the same year that the Vulcan was broken up.

[br]

Further Reading

R.Harvey, 1919, Early Days of Engineering in Glasgow, Glasgow: Aird and Coghill. F.M.Walker, 1989–90, "Early iron shipbuilding. A reappraisal of the Vulcan and other pioneer vessels", Transactions of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in

Scotland 133:21–34.

FMW

Biographical history of technology > Wilson, Thomas

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Section Fifteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms — contains guaranteed equality rights. As part of the Constitution, the section prohibits certain forms of discrimination perpetrated by the governments of Canada with the exception of ameliorative programs (affirmative action) and rights or… … Wikipedia
Carrier Strike Group Eleven — crest Active 1 October 2004 to date.[1] … Wikipedia
Heaven's Gate (religious group) — The logo used by the Heaven s Gate group Heaven s Gate was an American UFO religion based in San Diego, California, founded and led by Marshall Applewhite (1931–1997) and Bonnie Nettles (1928–1985).[1] On March 26, 1997, police discovered the… … Wikipedia
Committee of Fifteen — For the Joint Committee of Fifteen, see United States Congress Joint Committee on Reconstruction. The Committee of Fifteen was a New York City citizens group that lobbied for the elimination of prostitution and gambling. It was established in… … Wikipedia

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